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# Multicameralism
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+Multicameralism refers to the organization of a legislature into separate, distinct bodies. It is an enactment of the separation of powers; it divides decision-making among different chambers or houses. The assembly can be divided into as many assemblies as necessary – some have two branches while others may have four or even five.
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+**Input:** distinct legislative bodies with sovereignty over different aspects of governmental decision-making
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+**Output:** a system of chambers that divides power among two or more groups
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+## Background
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+Some of the oldest examples of multicameral legislatures can be found in various European parliaments. The oldest surviving parliament is the British Parliament, established in Anglo-Saxon times, which had law-making and law-enforcement councils that eventually evolved into the bicameral legislature the Parliament implements today.
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+A tricameral legislature is traditionally associated with Simon Bolivar’s theory in “which a popularly elected chamber, (the Chamber of Tribunes) would be endowed with the power to regulate finance and foreign affairs, a hereditary chamber (the Senate) would enact law, and a third chamber (the Censors) would have the power to review the lawfulness of the acts of the other two and to protect fundamental rights.” ([Passaglia, 2018](https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pof.2018.10.issue-2/pof-2018-0014/pof-2018-0014.pdf)). This theory, though, remains as such – parliamentary governments were never popularized in the Americas.
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+Apartheid-era South African government instituted a tricameral system with race-based houses, abolished in 1994. A tetracameral legislature was implemented in Finland until 1906. Most European parliaments presently employ a unicameral or bicameral system.
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+
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+## Feedback loops
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+
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+### Sensitivities
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+
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+* Provides checks and balances for legislation, preventing abuse of power and dictatorship
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+* Can provide representation for individuals on a more accurate level
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+* Can result in laws that are vetted, better-developed, and overall more beneficial to the public
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+### Oversights
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+* May not actually represent population it is supposed to serve
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+* Can result in deadlock, especially in a bicameral system, and thus waste resources
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+* Can be manipulated through means like gerrymandering
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+* May dramatically slow lawmaking process
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+
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+## Implementations
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+### Communities
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+The UK’s Parliament and the United States Congress are both bicameral democracies – the US Congress has the Senate and House of Representatives while Parliament has the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
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+Other organizational bodies can implement a multicameral legislature as well, such as that [proposed for Canadian healthcare advancement by Carson and Nossal (2016)](https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucb/reader.action?docID=4851673); collaboration between an operating board of directors and a policy council would form a bicameral governance structure. Some university governance, like that of [Dalhousie University](https://cdn.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/dept/university_secretariat/Board-of-Governors/Governance%20Structure%20Document%20-%20updated%20August%202016.pdf), is bicameral, as University Administration and Board of Governors are divided in their legislative responsibilities; the [University of Alberta](https://cloudfront.ualberta.ca/-/media/universitygovernance/documents/what-we-do/governance/gov101september-112018.pdf) employs a similar structure.
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+
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+### Tools
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+[Principles of Successful Bicameral Governance](https://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/downloads/guiding_principles_bicameral_201223724.pdf) from Kwantlen Polytechnic University
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+
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+## Further resources
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+
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+* Brauninger, T. (2003). When simple voting doesn't work: Multicameral systems for the representation and aggregation of interests in international organizations. British Journal of Political Science, 33, 681-704. doi:http://dx.doi.org.colorado.idm.oclc.org/10.1017/S0007123403000310
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+* Passaglia, P. (2018). Unicameralism, Bicameralism, Multicameralism: Evolution and Trends in Europe. Perspectives on Federalism, 10(2), 1-29.
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+* Trakman, L. (2008). Modelling university governance. Higher Education Quarterly, 62(1‐2), 63-83.
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+* Tsebelis, G. (1995). Decision making in political systems: Veto players in presidentialism, parliamentarism, multicameralism and multipartyism. British journal of political science, 25(3), 289-325.
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